Professor Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke: List of publications

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2018

Journal article

Annals of the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi. An Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics, History and Political Science

This essay reviews the various types of anti-globalization backlash that have arisen over the course of the last two centuries, and discusses ways in which governments can help the international trading system to withstand such shocks.

Business & Economics

When Britain turned inward: Protection and the shift towards Empire in interwar Britain

2017

Scholarly edition

Abstract International trade became much less multilateral during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that discriminatory trade policies had comparatively little to do with this. Using highly disaggregated information on the UK’s imports and trade policies, we find that policy can explain the majority of Britain’s shift towards Imperial imports in the 1930s. Trade policy mattered, a lot.

F13, F14, N74, trade policy, interwar period

Independent Ireland In Comparative Perspective

2017

Scholarly edition

This paper surveys independent Ireland’s economic policies and performance. It has three main messages. First, the economic history of post-independence Ireland was not particularly unusual. Very often, things that were happening in Ireland were happening elsewhere as well. Second, for a long time we were hampered by an excessive dependence on a poorly performing UK economy. And third, EC membership in 1973, and the Single Market programme of the late 1980s and early 1990s, were absolutely crucial for us. Irish independence and EU membership have complemented each other, rather than being in conflict: each was required to give full effect to the other. Irish independence would not have worked as well for us as it did without the EU; and the EU would not have worked as well for us as it did without political independence. X-Classification-JEL: X-Keywords:

The Spread of Modern Industry to the Periphery since 1870

2017

Book

Ever since the Industrial Revolution of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, industrialization has been the key to modern economic growth. The fact that modern industry originated in Britain, and spread initially to north-western Europe and North America, implied a dramatic divergence in living standards between the industrial North (or 'West') and a non-industrial, or even de-industrializing, South (or 'Rest'). This nineteenth-century divergence, which had profound economic, military, and geopolitical implications, has been studied in great detail by many economists and historians. Today, this divergence between the 'West' and the 'Rest' is visibly unravelling, as economies in Asia, Latin America and even sub-Saharan Africa converge on the rich economies of Europe and North America. This phenomenon, which is set to define the twenty-first century, both economically and politically, has also been the subject of a considerable amount of research. Less appreciated, however, are the deep historical roots of this convergence process, and in particular of the spread of modern industry to the global periphery. This volume fills this gap by providing a systematic, comparative, historical account of the spread of modern manufacturing beyond its traditional heartland, to Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, or what we call the poor periphery. It identifies the timing of this convergence, finding that this was fastest in the interwar and post-World War II years, not the more recent 'miracle growth' years. It also identifies which driving forces were common to all periphery countries, and which were not.

Concorrenza e crescita nella storia Europea

2017

Business & Economics

The Economist and Global History

2016

Chapter

The Prospect of Global History

'The Prospect of Global History' offers a new approach to the study of history, looking at the subject across a greater chronological range and seeking perspectives from sources beyond conventional European narratives.

2015

Chapter

The Legacy of Eric Williams Caribbean Scholar and Statesman

This is the first comprehensive historical assessment of the career of Eric Williams, the scholar and statesman.

Political Science

Economists and the European democratic deficit

2015

Journal article

Critical Quarterly

2014

Journal article

Scandinavian Economic History Review

The growing dependence of Britain on trade during the Industrial Revolution

2014

Scholarly edition

Many previous studies of the role of trade during the British Industrial Revolution have found little or no role for trade in explaining British living standards or growth rates.  We construct a three-region model of the world in which Britain trades with North America and the rest of the world, and calibrate the model to data from the 1760s and 1850s.  We find that while trade had only a small impact on British welfare in the 1760s, it had a very large impact in the 1850s.  This contrast is robust to a large range of parameter perturbations.  Biased technological change and population growth were key in explaining Britain's growing dependent on trade during the Industrial Revolution.

F11, F14, F43, N10, N70, O40, British Industrial Revolution, Great Divergence, trade, colonies, growth, specialization

Whither the EURO?

2014

Journal article

Finance and Development

2014

Scholarly edition

The Spread of Manufacturing to the Poor Periphery 1870–2007

2014

Journal article

Open Economies Review

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. This paper documents industrial output growth around the poor periphery (Latin America, the European periphery, the Middle East and North Africa, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa) between 1870 and 2007. We find that although the roots of rapid peripheral industrialization stretch into the late 19th century, the high point of peripheral industrialization was the 1950–1973 period, which saw widespread import-substituting industrialization. This period was also the high point of unconditional industrial catching up, defined as the tendency of less industrialized countries to post higher per capita manufacturing growth rates, and which occurred between 1920 and 1990.

Twentieth Century Growth

2014

Scholarly edition

Spreading the benefits of globalization: How the international donor community assisted developing countries to integrate into the global economy

2013

Chapter

Enacting Globalization: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on International Integration

© Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2014. All rights reserved. Since colonial times, measures have been put in place to provide market access, build trade capacities and overcome supply-side constraints to trade in the developing world. In the 1960s the focus was on stimulating developing country imports, to help poorer countries move through the stages of development. In the 1970s the focus shifted to promoting exports. Structural adjustment programmes followed in the 1980s. Later, when it was realized that market access was not sufficient for trade expansion, the international community mobilized more and better aid for trade to help developing countries build the necessary capacities to compete in the global marketplace. Such programmes have often failed, yet aid has undoubtedly helped to promote trade, development and a more inclusive world economy.

Luddites, the industrial revolution, and the demographic transition

Political extremism in the 1920s and 1930s: Do german lessons generalize?

2013

Journal article

Journal of Economic History

From Empire to Europe: Britain in the World Economy

2012

Scholarly edition

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the history of Britain’s engagement with the international economy between 1870 and 2010. It begins by discussing long run trends in the integration of the British economy with the rest of the world over time. Economic historians are typically interested in four types of flows between economies: trade in goods and services; flows of capital; migration flows; and flows of ideas and technology. The last flow is probably the most important one for countries hoping to catch up to the international technological frontier. While this was not the right way to characterise the British economy in 1870, it probably was at various points after World War II. Unfortunately, such flows are also the most difficult to quantify, and so I follow the bulk of the literature in concentrating on trade, capital flows and migration. 

From Empire to Europe: Britain in the World Economy

2012

Scholarly edition

How housing slumps end

2012

Journal article

Economic Policy

How housing slumps end

2012

Journal article

Economic Policy

We construct a simple model of the end of housing slumps. We show that the probability that real housing prices stop falling is higher the smaller was the pre-slump house price run-up; the greater has been the cumulative house price decline, the faster is GDP growth, and, most importantly, the lower are mortgage interest rates. Slumps are longer where the construction sector is more responsive, allowing booms to create larger supply overhangs, but shorter the more developed are financial markets and institutions, enabling new buyers to access credit and enter the market. Falling house prices can lead to lower private sector credit flows, in turn limiting the scope for new home purchases and creating the danger of a vicious spiral of slumping housing prices and distressed financial institutions. This suggests that policymakers should take steps to break the link between the housing market problems and banking problems by intervening to recapitalize distressed banking systems while using quantitative easing and credit easing to lower mortgage interest rates and help revive the housing market directly. © CEPR, CES, MSH, 2012.

From Great Depression to Great Credit Crisis: Similarities, Differences and Lessons

2012

Chapter

Economic Policy 62

The Spread of Manufacturing to the Periphery 1870-2007: Eight Stylized Facts

2012

Scholarly edition

history, Third World industrialization

Commodity market disintegration in the interwar period

2012

Journal article

European Review of Economic History

In this paper, we document the disintegration of international commodity markets between 1913 and 1938. There was dramatic disintegration during World War I, gradual reintegration during the 1920s, and then a substantial disintegration after 1929. The period saw the unravelling of many of the integration gains of 1870-1913. While increased transport costs help explain the wartime disintegration, they cannot explain the post-1929 increase in trade costs. The proliferation of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, the collapse of the interwar gold standard, and the evaporation of commercial credit loom large as suspects. © 2012 European Historical Economics Society.

War, Trade, and Natural Resources: A Historical Perspective

2012

Chapter

Italy and the First Age of Globalization, 1861-1940

2012

Scholarly edition

The paper presents trade policy as in line with that of other continental European powers, with a move to moderate levels of tariff protection for politically sensitive sectors such as steel and textiles and clothing, but also in agriculture, with levels of protection falling slightly before the First World War.  Monetary policy was similarly driven by the constraints of capital scarcity, and the political priority attached to reducing the cost of funding government debt.  The most innovative area was probably in industrial policy, where after the 1880s and again in the 1930s in response to severe shocks, quite creative institutional policies were adopted.  In particular financial restructuring was used as an opportunity to reshape the structure of industry.

N23, N24, N73, N74, Comparative economic history, Industrial policy, Monetary, Policy, Monetary regime, Trade policy

Right Wing Political Extremism in the Great Depression

2012

Journal article

Great Depression, political extremism, voting

Right-Wing Political Extremism in the Great Depression

2012

Scholarly edition

2010

Book

Unlike existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with material organised by topic rather than by country. The first volume is centred on the transition to modern economic growth, which first occurred in Britain before spreading to other parts of western Europe by 1870, whilst the second tracks Europe's economic history through three major phases since 1870. Each chapter is written by an international team of authors who cover the three major regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, and central and eastern Europe. The two volumes together provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the key themes in modern economic history from trade, urbanisation, economic growth and business cycles to sectoral developments, and population and living standards.

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe Volume 1: 1700–1870

2010

Book

© Cambridge University Press 2010.Unlike most existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with the material organised by topic rather than by country. This first volume is centred on the transition to modern economic growth, which first occurred in Britain before spreading to other parts of western Europe by 1870. Each chapter is written by an international team of authors who cover the three major regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, and central and eastern Europe. The volume covers the major themes of modern economic history, including trade; urbanization; aggregate economic growth; the major sectors of agriculture, industry and services; and the development of living standards, including the distribution of income. The quantitative approach makes use of modern economic analysis in a way that is easy for students to understand.

Trade and empire

2010

Chapter

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe Volume 1: 1700-1870

© Cambridge University Press 2010. Introduction: the rise and fall of European mercantilism At the start of the first millennium, western Europe was the most peripheral region in Eurasia. Like Africa, its exports largely consisted of forest products and slaves, and it had direct economic links with just two other Eurasian regions – eastern Europe and the Islamic world. By contrast, the Islamic world had direct economic contacts with all the regions of the then known world: eastern and western Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, the steppe societies of central Asia, and the highly developed civilizations of south Asia, southeast Asia, and east Asia (Findlay and O'Rourke, 2007). By the eighteenth century, western Europe was no longer a peripheral appendage of the Eurasian landmass, but had become geographically and politically central. It was now in direct contact with all other regions of Eurasia, as well as with sub-Saharan Africa, but more importantly it controlled both North and South America, which were fully integrated into the world economy, importing slaves from Africa, exporting a variety of colonial goods to Europe, and exporting silver both to Europe and to Asia via the Philippines. As for eastern Europe, it was now in direct contact not just with central Asia and the Muslim world, but with east Asia and North America as well, as a result of Russia's Siberian conquests, which would prove to be the most enduring of all the European imperialisms of that time.

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

2009

Book

Business & Economics

2008

Journal article

Luddites and the Demographic Transition

2008

Journal article

demography, endogenous growth, unified growth theory

Made in America? The New World, the Old, and the Industrial Revolution

2008

Journal article

Made in America? The new world, the old, and the industrial revolution

2008

Journal article

American Economic Review

Globalization, Growth and Distribution in Spain 1500-1913

2008

Scholarly edition

The endogenous growth literature has explored the transition from a Malthusian world where real wages, living standards and labor productivity are all linked to factor endowments, to one where (endogenous) productivity change embedded in modern industrial growth breaks that link. Recently, economic historians have presented evidence from England showing that the dramatic reversal in distributional trends --from a steep secular fall in wage-land rent ratios before 1800 to a steep secular rise thereafter – must be explained both by industrial revolutionary growth forces and by global forces that opened up the English economy to international trade. This paper explores whether and how the relationship was different for Spain, a country which had relatively poor productivity growth in agriculture and low living standards prior to 1800, was a late-comer to industrialization afterwards, and adopted very restrictive policies towards imports for much of the 19th century. The failure of Spanish wage-rental ratios to undergo a sustained rise after 1840 can be attributed to the delayed fall in relative agricultural prices (due to those protective policies) and to the decline in Spanish manufacturing productivity after 1898.

F1, N7, O4

Property rights, politics and innovation: Creamery diffusion in pre-1914 Ireland

2007

Journal article

European Review of Economic History

This article examines the impact of endowments, property rights and political conflict on the diffusion of cream separators in late nineteenthcentury Ireland. Favourable endowments, access to finance and owner-occupancy promoted the spread of cream separators, while in areas with more small farms political conflict slowed down the diffusion of separators as well as of cooperatives. The structure of property rights and political conflict help explain why Irish agriculture was less successful than Danish agriculture during this period. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.

Property rights, politics and innovation: creamery diffusion in pre-1914 Ireland

2007

Journal article

European Review of Economic History

The European economy since 1945: Coordinated capitalism and beyond

2007

Journal article

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

Culture, conflict and cooperation: Irish dairying before the great war

2007

Journal article

Economic Journal

A recent literature argues that 'hierarchical religions' such as Catholicism hamper the formation of trust, thus reducing the propensity to cooperate and damaging economic performance. This article looks for a link between Catholicism and the propensity to cooperate in the pre-1914 Irish dairy industry. Although the propensity to cooperate was higher in Denmark than in Ireland, and in Ulster than elsewhere in Ireland, Catholicism did not make cooperation more difficult in Ireland. Political conflict over land reforms and constitutional matters was to blame, not religion. Denmark's homogeneity, not its Protestantism, led to the success of cooperation there. © 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation © Royal Economic Society 2007.

War and welfare: Britain, France, and the United States 1807 14

2007

Scholarly edition

The New Comparative Economic History

2007

Book

The innovative approach to economic history known as the New Comparative Economic History represents a distinct change in the way that many economic historians view their role, do their work, and interact with the broader economics profession. The New Comparative Economic History reflects a belief that economic processes can best be understood by systematically comparing experiences across time, regions, and, above all, countries. It is motivated by current questions that are not nation specific--the sources of economic growth, the importance of institutions, and the impact of globalization--and focuses on long-run trends rather than short-run ups and downs in economic activity. The essays in this volume offer a New Economic Comparative History perspective on a range of topics and are written in honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, the most distinguished and influential scholar in the field. The contributors, prominent American and European economists, consider such topics as migration, education, and wage convergence; democracy and protectionism in the nineteenth century; trade and immigration policies in labor-scarce economies; and the effect of institutions on European productivity and jobs.

N0, Jeffrey G. Williamson, migration, wage convergence, protectionism

The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson

2007

Book

N30, N40, N70

Trade, Knowledge and the Industrial Revolution

2007

Journal article

Endogenous growth, demography, trade

2007

Journal article

Trade, Knowledge, and the Industrial Revolution

2007

Journal article

IIIS Discussion Paper

Endogenous growth, Demography, Trade

Introduction to Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

2007

Chapter

International trade has shaped the modern world, yet until now no single book has been available for both economists and general readers that traces the history of the international economy from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Power and Plenty fills this gap, providing the first full account of world trade and development over the course of the last millennium. Ronald Findlay and Kevin O'Rourke examine the successive waves of globalization and "deglobalization" that have occurred during the past thousand years, looking closely at the technological and political causes behind these long-term trends. They show how the expansion and contraction of the world economy has been directly tied to the two-way interplay of trade and geopolitics, and how war and peace have been critical determinants of international trade over the very long run. The story they tell is sweeping in scope, one that links the emergence of the Western economies with economic and political developments throughout Eurasia centuries ago. Drawing extensively upon empirical evidence and informing their systematic analysis with insights from contemporary economic theory, Findlay and O'Rourke demonstrate the close interrelationships of trade and warfare, the mutual interdependence of the world's different regions, and the crucial role these factors have played in explaining modern economic growth. Power and Plenty is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the origins of today's international economy, the forces that continue to shape it, and the economic and political challenges confronting policymakers in the twenty-first century.

N00, power, trade, war, peace, world economy, technology, geopolitics, development, growth

Preface to Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

2007

Chapter

International trade has shaped the modern world, yet until now no single book has been available for both economists and general readers that traces the history of the international economy from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Power and Plenty fills this gap, providing the first full account of world trade and development over the course of the last millennium. Ronald Findlay and Kevin O'Rourke examine the successive waves of globalization and "deglobalization" that have occurred during the past thousand years, looking closely at the technological and political causes behind these long-term trends. They show how the expansion and contraction of the world economy has been directly tied to the two-way interplay of trade and geopolitics, and how war and peace have been critical determinants of international trade over the very long run. The story they tell is sweeping in scope, one that links the emergence of the Western economies with economic and political developments throughout Eurasia centuries ago. Drawing extensively upon empirical evidence and informing their systematic analysis with insights from contemporary economic theory, Findlay and O'Rourke demonstrate the close interrelationships of trade and warfare, the mutual interdependence of the world's different regions, and the crucial role these factors have played in explaining modern economic growth. Power and Plenty is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the origins of today's international economy, the forces that continue to shape it, and the economic and political challenges confronting policymakers in the twenty-first century.

N00, power, trade, war, peace, world economy, technology, geopolitics, development, growth

2006

Chapter

Classical Trade Protectionism 1815-1914

Democracy and Protectionism

2006

Scholarly edition

Factor endowments, Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory, Stolper-Samuelson theorem and tariffs

Democracy and Protectionism

2006

Journal article

Did Vasco da Gama Matter for European Markets?Testing Frederick Lane's Hypotheses Fifty Years Later

2006

Scholarly edition

In his seminal publications between the 1930s and 1960s, Frederick Lane offered three hypotheses regarding the impact of the Voyages of Discovery that have guided debate ever since. First, pepper and other spice prices did not rise in European markets in the century before the 1490s, and thus could not have ‘pulled in’ the oceanic explorations by their rising scarcity. Second, Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa did not lower European spice prices across the 16th century, implying that the discovery of the Cape route had no permanent effect on Euro-Asian market integration. Third, 15th century Venetian spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have had an intra-European market integrating influence in the 16th century. Lane developed these influential hypotheses by relying heavily on nominal spice prices from Venice and the Levant. This paper revisits Lane’s hypotheses by using instead relative spice prices, that is, accounting for inflation. It also draws on evidence from Iberia and northern Europe. In addition, it explores European market integration before and after 1503, the year when da Gama returned from his financially successful second voyage. Lane’s three hypotheses are rejected: the impact of the Portuguese was profound on all fronts. We conclude by using a simple model of monopoly and oligopoly to decompose the sources of the Cape route’s impact on European markets.

N.14, N7

Late nineteenth-century Denmark in an Irish mirror: Land tenure, homogeneity, and the roots of Danish success

2006

Chapter

National Identity and the Varieties of Capitalism: The Danish Experience

Incentives, technology and the shift to year-round dairying in late nineteenth-century Denmark
-super-1

2005

Journal article

The Economic History Review

Migration flows: Political Economy of Migration and the Empirical Challenges

2003

Journal article

Immigration barriers began being erected in the New World in the late 19th century. They were motivated by fears that the immigration of unskilled workers would increase inequality. Controlling for economic factors, there appears to have been little independent role for factorssuch as racism or xenophobia in driving the retreat from liberal migration policies. A statistical analysis of individual voter attitudes towards immigration in the late 20th century leads to somewhat different conclusions: nationalism is strongly associated with more hostile attitudes towards immigrants. Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Borjas theory of immigrant self-selection also help explain individual voter attitudes.

immigration, political economy, nationalism, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, self-selection download paper

The end of globalization: Lessons from the great depression.

2003

Journal article

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE

Cities and Specialization: Evidence from South Asia

2003

Commodity Market Integration, 1500-2000

2001

Journal article

Globalization and inequality: historical trends

2001

Conference paper

Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy

2001

Book

Globalization is not a new phenomenon; nor is it irreversible. In Globalization and History, Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson present a coherent picture of trade, migration, and international capital flows in the Atlantic economy in the century prior to 1914--the first great globalization boom. The book's originality lies in its application of the tools of open-economy economics to this critical historical period--differentiating it from most previous work, which has been based on closed-economy or single-sector models. The authors also keep a close eye on globalization debates of the 1990s, using history to inform the present and vice versa.

F41, N73, N71, globalization, Atlantic economy, open-economy economics

What Determines Attitudes Towards Protection? Some Cross-Country Evidence

2001

Chapter

Brookings Trade Forum

British Trade Policy in the 19th Century: A Review Article

2000

Journal article

European Journal of Political Economy

Irish inflation: appropriate policy responses

2000

Journal article

Irish Banking Review

Much Ado about Nothing? Italian Trade Policy in the Late 19th Century

2000

O'Hagan, J.W. (ed.). The economy of Ireland : policy and performance of a European region.

2000

Scholarly edition

Cost and standard of living--Ireland, Economic development--Ireland, X-PublishedAs-Type: chapter

Were Trade and Factor Mobility Substitutes in History?

1999

Chapter

Migration: The Controversies and the Evidence

Trade theorists have come to understand that their theory is ambiguous on the question: Are trade and factor flows substitutes?

Capital movements

Culture, Politics and Innovation: Creamery Diffusion in late 19th Century Denmark and Ireland.

1999

Scholarly edition

This paper tries to be the first step in a systematic comparison of economic growth in Denmark and Ireland between 1870 and 1939. Section 2 ofthis paper sets the scene by discussing broader trends of living standards and agricultural productivity. Section 3 outlines the developments in the dairying industry which is so disturbed contemporary Irishmen. Section 4 surveys the large contemporary and historical literature dealing with the causes of relative Irish failure. Section 5 uses evidence on the diffuson of creamery cooperatives across Irish counties to asses some of these arguments.

Q16, O32, N53, N54, ECONOMIC HISTORY, AGRICULTURE, INNOVATIONS

Economic Integration and Convergence: and Historical Perspective

1999

Journal article

Journal of Economic Integration

Theory is ambiguous as to how globalization influences the relative performances of rich and poor countries. This paper surveys some recent literature on the historical links between international commodity and factor market integration and convergence. Focussing on the late 19th century, a period both of globalization and convergence, it shows that trade had and important impact on factor prices in some countries, just as Heckscher and Ohlin would have predicted. Migration was however a more important force for convergence during this period, while international capital flows led to both convergence and divergence. The analysis suggests that more attention should be paid to open economy forces when discussing convergence.

F02, Economic, Integration

Globalization in Historical Perspectives.

1999

Scholarly edition

In this chapter, the author first provide a brief survey of broad trends in the integration and disintegration of the international economy. He then focuses more specifically on the impact of globalization on labour, which is the theme of this volume, concentrating on the last great wave of globalization which occured a hundred years ago. Finally, he explores the political issues associated with international trade and factor flows, again mainly in the context of the late 19th century.

F15 F36 E24, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, LABOUR

The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Between 1400 and 2000: When it Explained Factor Price Convergence, Ehen it Did not, and Why.

1999

After the famine: Irish agriculture, 1850-1914 - Turner,M

1997

Journal article

ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW

1996

Scholarly edition

Reply to Ljungberg

1996

Journal article

Scandinavian Economic History Review

Factor Price Convergence in the Late Nineteenth Century

1996

Journal article

International Economic Review

We examine a dramatic historical episode of factor price convergence in the late nineteenth century. Our focus is convergence between Old World and New, and the analysis centers on land and labor. Wage-rental ratios boomed in the Old World and collapsed in the New, moving the resource-rich, labor-scarce New World closer to the resource-scarce, labor-abundant Old World. We use econometrics and simulations to identify pro-convergence forces which include commodity price convergence, factor accumulation, and factor-saving biases. The results confirm that open-economy characteristics and international market integration are important sources of convergence.

Crafts, N.F.R. and Toniolo, G. (eds.). Economic growth in Europe since 1945.

1996

Scholarly edition

Ireland--Economic conditions, Ireland--Economic policy, X-PublishedAs-Type: chapter

Irish economic growth since 1945

1996

Scholarly edition

Ireland--Economic conditions, Ireland--Economic policy

Irish Economic Growth, 1945-1988

1996

Chapter

Economic Growth in Europe since 1945

Economic growth has made a welcome return to the headlines in the economics profession. Technical advances have made it possible to model the growth process rigorously in the presence of externalities and increasing returns, and this has spawned a vast literature formalizing many of the intuitions about growth previously held by applied economists and economic historians. Whether or not there are diminishing returns to capital, it seems clear that there are diminishing returns to theory, in this field at least. Theory urgently needs to be supplemented with empirical work, be it multicountry regressions or case studies, if the field is to retain its present vigour.

Erratum

1995

Journal article

The Journal of Economic History

Late nineteenth-century anglo-American factor-price convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin right? (vol 54, pg 892, 1994)

1995

Journal article

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY

Emigration and Living Standards in Ireland Since the Famine.

1995

Journal article

Journal of Population Economics

"Ireland experienced dramatic levels of emigration in the century following the Famine of 1845-1849. The paper surveys the recent cliometric literature on post-Famine emigration and its effects on Irish living standards. The conclusions are that the Famine played a significant role in unleashing the subsequent emigration; and that emigration was crucial for the impressive increase in Irish living standards which took place during the next 100 years."

Starvation, Environment, Conservation of Natural Resources, Demography, Population Dynamics, Emigration and Immigration, Economics, Developed Countries, Socioeconomic Factors, Food Supply, Population, Europe, Ireland

An economist looks at Catholic social teaching

1995

Journal article

Doctrine and Life

1994

Journal article

The Journal of Economic History

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL-SOCIETY IN IRELAND - GOLDTHORPE,JH, WHELAN,CT

1994

Journal article

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY

Did Labor Flow Uphill? International Migration and Wage Rates in 20th Century Ireland

1994

Chapter

Labor Market Evolution: The Economic History of Market Integration, Wage Flexibility and the Employment Relation

How have modern labour markets developed? Both labour economists and economic historians agree that it is necessary to look at labour markets in their historical context. Labour Market Evolution does just this. The contributors examine the operation and development of labour markets in Western Europe and North America since 1500. They address the key questions in this complicated process using new quantitative evidence. First, how closely connected were geographically distant labour markets? Second, how flexible were markets in the past - did wages change in response to demand shocks? Did workers move across space and occupations in response to cyclical or seasonal conditions. Third, were relationships between employees and employers short-term or long-term? Why did relationships change, and what were the implications for the flexibility and integration of markets? In examining these factors, this volume draws on modern labour economic theory and up-to-date quantitative techniques to show how current traditions and systems have evolved.

Did the Great Irish Famine Matter?

1994

Chapter

The Economic Development of Ireland Since 1870

In The Economic Development of Ireland since 1870 Cormac O'Grada presents a carefully chosen set of articles and papers which assess the economic history of Ireland from the after effects of the Great Famine to protectionism in the 1930s and Ireland's membership of the European Monetary System in the 1980s. The set includes a comprehensive introduction specially written by the editor which surveys the literature and indicates key themes and trends.

Business & Economics

The Economic Impact of the Famine in the Short and Long Run.

1994

Journal article

The American Economic Review

Property Transactions in Ireland, 1708-1988: an Introduction

1994

Journal article

Irish Economic and Social History

The Impact of Emigration on Real Wages in Ireland, 1850-1914

1994

Chapter

Migration and the International Labor Market 1850-1939

The Repeal of the Corn Laws and Irish Emigration

1994

Journal article

Explorations in Economic History

If the corn laws had not been repealed, grain prices would have been higher throughout the United Kingdom than they actually were. This in turn would have implied higher agricultural employment in Ireland. The paper estimates counter-factual "No Repeal" price series for grains in the United Kingdom and then uses a model of Irish agricultural labor demand to calculate how much higher Irish agricultural employment in the 1870s would have been in the absence of repeal. The paper finds that repeal did significantly reduce Irish agricultural employment. © 1994 Academic Press. All rights reserved.

Industrial Development and Irish National Identity, 1922–1939. By Mary E. Daly. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1992. Pp. xv, 201. $34.94.

1993

Journal article

The Journal of Economic History

INDUSTRIAL-DEVELOPMENT AND IRISH NATIONAL IDENTITY, 1922-1939 - DALY,ME

1993

Journal article

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY

Mass Migration, Commodity Market Integration and Real Wage Convergence: The Late Nineteenth Century Atlantic Economy

1993

Scholarly edition

Why Ireland Emigrated: a Positive Theory of Factor Flows

1992

Journal article

Oxford Economic Papers

Why did labor flow from Ireland to Britain in the nineteenth century when capital could have moved in the opposite direction? This paper addresses this question in a general two-country trade theoretic framework, linking it with the contemporary debate about the relative quality of emigrants and those who stayed behind. Dividing the population into shirkers and nonshirkers, it can be shown (given certain assumptions) that all nonshirkers migrate to the capital abundant country and that capital may flow in the same direction as labor. A switch from cottage industry to the factory system may have initiated such factor flows. Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.

Were Heckscher and Olin right? : putting history back into the factor-price equalization

1992

Scholarly edition

Due primarily to transport improvements, commodity prices in Britain and America tended to equalize 1870-1913. This commodity price equalization was not simply manifested by the great New World grain invasion of Europe. Rather, it can be documented for intermediate primary products and manufactures as well. Heckscher and, Ohlin, writing in 1919 and 1924, thought that these events should have contributed to factor price equalization. Based on Williamson's research reported elsewhere, Anglo-American real wages did converge over this period, and it was part of a general convergence between the Old and New World. This paper applies the venerable Heckscher-Ohlin trade model to the late 19th century Anglo-American experience and finds that they were right: at least half of the real wage convergence observed can be assigned to commodity price equalization. Furthermore, these events also had profound influences on relative land and capital scarcities. It appears that this late 19th century episode was the dramatic start of world commodity and factor market integration that is still ongoing today.

Heckscher-Ohlin principle, Great Britain--Commerce--United States, United States--Commerce--Great Britain, Commodity exchanges

Were Heckscher and Olin Right? Putting History Back into the Factor-Price Equalization Theorem.

1992

Scholarly edition

commodities, trade, manufacturing industries, economic theory

Commercial policy and the current account: a Mussa-Neary approach

1991

THE CAUSES OF DEPOPULATION IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY: IRELAND 1856-1876.

1989

Scholarly edition

population, open economy, emigration, labour, demand, prices, agriculture

Economists and the European democratic deficit

Journal article

Critical Quarterly

The Spread of Manufacturing to the Poor Periphery 1870–2007

Journal article

Open Economies Review

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