The Scandinavian Encounter with Christianity Overseas: Diplomatic Conversions in the 9th and 10th Centuries
November 2020
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Chapter
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Viking Encounters Proceedings of the 18th Viking Congress
These themes are explored and linked in this major volume, which presents the proceedings from the 18th Viking Congress, held in Denmark in 2017.
Civilization, Viking
Celtic–norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200, ed. Jon Viðar Sigurðsson and Timothy Bolton
November 2017
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Other
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The English Historical Review
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: Before and After the Battle of Clontarf
August 2017
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Other
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ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW
Medieval Dublin XII, XIII, XIV, ed. Seán Duffy
April 2017
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Other
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The English Historical Review
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
East Anglia and its North Sea World in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Robert Liddiard
June 2016
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Other
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The English Historical Review
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Connections and Exchange in the Viking World’, in Byzantium and the Viking World (ed. F. Androshchuk, J. Shepard, and M. White) (Stockholm, 2016), pp. 27-52
May 2016
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Chapter
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Byzantium and the Viking World
‘Connections and Exchange in the Viking World’, in Byzantium and the Viking World
January 2016
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Other
‘Bede, Gregory, and Strategies of Conversion in Anglo-Saxon England and the Spanish New World’
October 2015
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Scholarly edition
Medieval Dublin
June 2014
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Other
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ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW
VIKINGS Life and legend
March 2014
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Other
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TLS-THE TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT
Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age
February 2012
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Journal article
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Early Medieval Europe
This article investigates the implications of the recent application of the term ‘diaspora’ to the overseas settlements of the Viking Age and offers a speculative assessment, based on literary, historical, archaeological, sculptural and onomastic evidence, of how the concept might contribute to our understanding of the cultural dynamics of the period. This exploratory look at connectivity in the ‘viking world’ considers the respective roles of the Scandinavian homelands and overseas settlements in the interplay of cultural forces from the ninth to the eleventh century.
The Viking World
December 2010
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Other
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ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW
Conversion and the Church in Viking-Age Ireland.
January 2010
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Chapter
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The Viking Age. Ireland and the West
Early Religious Practice in the Greenland Settlement
January 2009
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Journal article
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Journal of the North Atlantic
While the beginnings of Christianity in Greenland are very poorly recorded, the settlement has played a prominent role in the discussion of paganism, the conversion, and early Christianity in the Viking world, thanks to the sagas in which Greenlanders feature. In particular, the range of religious practice that is reflected in the literary representations of the past is very striking; the rituals of the seeress, Thorbjorg, the Christian practice of Eric's wife, Thjodhild, and Gudrid's pilgrimage to Rome and profession as a nun offer contrasting perceptions of lived religion in the late Viking Age. While the absence of other relevant sources relating to Greenland is clearly a disadvantage, it leaves us free to question entrenched assumptions about the early religious life of the community.
While, as elsewhere, the conversion to Christianity in Greenland would have had a practical impact, ranging from the creation of political and economic alliances to changes in social custom (including burial and memorialization), I argue in this paper that Greenland might have been somewhat different from other Scandinavian communities overseas. Discussing and drawing on the written and material record, I propose that we might gain from resisting the narrative of Christian convention, which requires sudden, dramatic, and emphatic change, in favor of a different understanding of religious practice. If we entertain the possibility that some societies may have had more room for religious diversity than Christian sources would allow, it could be argued that the early community of Greenland, instead of conforming to Christian stereotype, experienced an extended period of diversity; a mixed society encompassing traditional religious practice and a largely domestic Christianity could have continued for some time until Christianity gained a sufficient degree of institutionalization to impose a more conventional Christian way of life.
Germanic Christianities
September 2008
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Chapter
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The Cambridge History of Christianity
Germanic Christianities, 600-1100
January 2008
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Chapter
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The Cambridge history of Christianity
History
King Edgar and the Men of the Danelaw
January 2008
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Chapter
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Edgar, King of the English, 959-975
New Interpretations
Fresh assessments of Edgar's reign, reappraising key elements using documentary, coin, and pictorial evidence.
Biography & Autobiography
Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age: "A Very Difficult Thing Indeed"
July 2007
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Chapter
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West Over Sea. Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement before 1300
This volume is a collection of 30 papers on the broad subject of the Scandinavian expansion westwards to Britain, Ireland and the North Atlantic, with a particular emphasis on settlement. The volume has been prepared in tribute to the work of Barbara E. Crawford on this subject, and to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the publication of her seminal book, Scandinavian Scotland. Reflecting Dr Crawford's interests, the papers cover a range of disciplines, and are arranged into four main sections: History and Cultural Contacts; The Church and the Cult of Saints; Archaeology, Material Culture and Settlement; Place-Names and Language. The combination provides a variety of new perspectives both on the Viking expansion and on Scandinavia's continued contacts across the North Sea in the post-Viking period.
Contributors include: Lesley Abrams, Haki Antonsson, Beverley Ballin Smith, James Barrett, Paul Bibire, Nicholas Brooks, Dauvit Broun, Margaret Cormac, Neil Curtis, Clare Downham, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, Ian Fisher, Katherine Forsyth, Peder Gammeltoft, Sarah Jane Gibbon, Mark Hall, Hans Emil Liden, Christopher Lowe, Joanne McKenzie, Christopher Morris, Elizabeth Okasha, Elizabeth Ridel, Liv Schei, Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, Brian Smith, Steffen Stumann Hansen, Frans Arne Stylegård, Simon Taylor, William Thomson, Gareth Williams, Doreen Waugh and Alex Woolf.
Les fondations scandinaves en angleterre
September 2005
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Chapter
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Les fondations scandinaves en Occident et les débuts du duché de Normandie
Scandinavian Place-Names and Settlement-History: Flegg, Norfolk
September 2004
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Chapter
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Viking and Norse in the North Atlantic. Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress
The Early Danelaw: Conquest, Transition, and Assimilation
September 2003
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Chapter
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La progression des Vikings, des raids a la colonisation
England, Normandy, and Scandinavia
January 2002
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Chapter
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A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
The Conversion of the Danelaw
July 2001
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Chapter
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Vikings and the Danelaw Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, Nottingham and New York, 21-30 August 1997
Edward the Elder's Danelaw
April 2001
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Chapter
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Edward the Elder: 899-924
Conversion and Assimilation
September 2000
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Chapter
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Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
The Conversion of the Scandinavians of Dublin
September 1998
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Journal article
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Anglo Norman Studies
Anglo-Saxon Glastonbury Church and Endowment
January 1996
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Book
The early history of the religious community at Glastonbury has been the subject of much speculation and imaginative writing, but there are few sources which genuinely further our knowledge of Glastonbury Abbey in the Anglo-Saxon period. This has resulted in a lack of serious historical research and hence the neglect of an important ecclesiastical establishment. This study brings together the evidence of royal and episcopal grants of land and combines it with material from Domesday Book, to produce a survey of the landed endowment of Glastonbury Abbey before 1066, and an analysis of the history of its Anglo-Saxon estates. Although there is too little data to formulate a complete account of the Abbey's early landholdings, the surviving evidence, collected together here, outlines a history for each place named in connection with the pre-Conquest religious house; in addition, each case helps to establish an overall framework for the life-cycle of the Anglo-Saxon estate, building on our understanding of actual conditions of tenure and of the various fortunes ecclesiastical land might experience.
History
The Anglo-Saxons and the Christianization of Scandinavia
December 1995
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Journal article
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Anglo-Saxon England
St Anskar, a monk of Corbie and Corvey, is often referred to as the ‘Apostle of the North’. In 826 he was attached to the retinue of Harald, king of Denmark, upon the king's baptism at the court of Louis the Pious; Anskar was sent to evangelize first the Danes, who were an increasing threat to the northern border of the Empire, and then the Swedes of the Mälar region, whose rulers may have hoped for imperial favour. If the mission of Anskar and his immediate successors had significant and enduring effects beyond his death in 865, however, they have so far failed to make themselves known to historians. The see of Hamburg-Bremen, of which Anskar was the first archbishop, had indeed been given responsibility for the northern mission-field, and successive popes renewed their theoretical support for this goal; but activity, let alone success, was not conspicuous for many years thereafter. The conversion of the Scandinavian peoples had to wait, and when it came the impetus was not from Hamburg-Bremen alone. Rather, the story of the Christianization of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from the later tenth century through the eleventh is one with a significantly English cast and an English script, although the German church – and maybe others – never quite withdrew from the stage. Scandinavian historians have long been concerned with this missionary activity of Anglo-Saxon churchmen, but it has attracted undeservedly less interest and attention on this side of the North Sea.
Eleventh-Century Missions and the Early Stages of Ecclesiastical Organization in Scandinavia
September 1994
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Journal article
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Anglo-Norman Studies
Early Normandy
Journal article
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Anglo-Norman Studies 35
Place-Names and the History of Scandinavian Settlement in England *
Chapter
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Land, Sea and Home
4301 Archaeology, 47 Language, Communication and Culture, 4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Conversion of Scandinavians in Britain and Ireland: An Overview
Chapter
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Eastward and Westward: Contacts and Cutural Dynmics in the Viking Age
‘Heirlooms and Memory Objects: Viking Armies and “Remnants of History”’