L’età della democrazia: l'Europa occidentale dopo il 1945
October 2023
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Book
La democrazia è qualcosa di meno astratto e storicamente più determinato e variegato di quanto si pensi. La tesi di Martin Conway è che un ordine democratico sia nato in Europa occidentale soltanto dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale, a seguito della lezione impartita dalle crisi e dai fallimenti degli anni Trenta. Lasciandosi alle spalle i radicalismi e le violenze dei decenni precedenti, i sistemi democratici post-bellici riuscirono a garantire inaspettatamente stabilità e prosperità grazie a politiche di compromesso sociale e sviluppo economico. Classi dirigenti spesso segnate dalle eredità del passato costruirono un inedito modello di governo, che però conservava gerarchie di genere, razza e classe, limitando al tempo stesso la partecipazione politica delle masse. Soltanto con la decolonizzazione e la contestazione giovanile e con le trasformazioni culturali e i conflitti sociali che ne derivarono tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta, la democrazia europea è entrata in una nuova fase che giunge fino a oggi.
Making Trump history
July 2023
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Chapter
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Chaos Reconsidered: The Liberal Order and the Future of International Politics
SBTMR
The repair manual of democracy: on Jan-Werner Müller's Democracy Rules
May 2023
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Journal article
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History of European Ideas
FFR
Europe's age of civil wars? an introduction
November 2022
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Journal article
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Journal of Modern European History
FFR
Conclusion: strikebreaking and the fault-lines of mass society, 1880-1930
December 2020
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Chapter
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Corporate Policing, Yellow Unionism, and Strikebreaking, 1890-1930: In Defence of Freedom
The actions of strikebreakers and their allies consequently flit across the historical record, lacking the legibility and continuity of their socialist or communist opponents, or of the police or state authorities. The most profound cause of the marginalisation of strikebreaking in the history of the era is however perhaps not so much archival as historiographical. It is within the context-specific perception of European and global history of the era from the 1880s to the 1930s that strikebreaking and related activities acquire their importance. The various forms of strikebreaking, volunteer vigilantism and semi-formal and informal acts of violence that multiplied across this period were direct, often jagged, manifestations of the conflicts that characterised the most chaotic era of global modernisation. The prevalence of strikebreaking and other violent actions within the global economy across the same period extends the perspective into the sphere of labour relations.
The legacies of 1945: the evolutions of European civic morality
June 2020
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Journal article
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Journal of Moral Education
This article explores the widespread use of the ‘lessons’ of the era of the Second World War in Europe since 1945. This usage proved to be a resilient element of European cultural values, especially in Western Europe during the era of the Cold War. However, with the emergence of a more diverse and pluralist Europe since 1989, so this form of civic morality has been replaced by new narratives of the war years, and of the twentieth century as a whole. These indicate changes not only in historical perspectives but also in the structures of civic morality.
FFR
Writing European unification backwards
March 2020
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Journal article
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Contemporanea
FFR
Aprendiendo de América Latina
January 2020
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Chapter
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Católicos y Política en America Latina Antes de la Democracia Cristiana, 1880-1950
José Gotovitch, 50 ans au coeur et aux marges de l'historiographie de la Belgique contemporaine
December 2019
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Journal article
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Journal of Belgian History
Depuis plus d’un demi-siècle, José Gotovitch est au coeur de la production de l’histoire contemporaine en Belgique. Avec, entre autres, L’an 40 et Du Rouge au Tricolore, il est l’auteur de monographies et d’articles qui ont fait date. Dès 1964, il participa à la création d’un Centre d’Histoire des deux Guerres mondiales et il a été la cheville ouvrière de tous ses successeurs jusqu’au Centre d’Études et de Documentation Guerre et Sociétés contemporaines (CEGESOMA), qu’il dirigea de 1989 à 2004. Il a toujours été à la fois chercheur, enseignant, voix critique dans le débat public, animateur d’équipe, bâtisseur. Son profil ne correspond pourtant en rien à celui de patron universitaire, ni par son parcours, ni par ses engagements, ni par ses objets d’étude. C’est ce paradoxe que ce rendu d’un entretien à trois voix cherche à explorer.
FFR
On fragile democracy: contemporary and historical perspectives
October 2019
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Journal article
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Journal of Modern European History
The concept of fragility provides an alternative means of approaching the history of democracy, which has often been seen as the ineluctable consequence of Europe’s social and political modernisation. This is especially so in Scandinavia, as well as in Finland, where the emergence of a particular Nordic model of democracy from the early decades of the twentieth century onwards has often been explained with reference to embedded traditions of local self-government, and long-term trends towards social egalitarianism. In contrast, this article emphasises the tensions present within the practices and understandings of democracy in the principal states of Scandinavia during the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides an introduction to the articles that compose this special issue, as well as contributing to the wider literature on the fragility of present-day structures of democracy.
popular sovereignty, Scandinavia, neo-liberalism, legitimacy, FFR, state authority, democracy
Brexit: 100 years in the making
February 2019
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Journal article
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Contemporary European History
Europe's Postwar Periods - 1989, 1945, 1918 Writing History Backwards
December 2018
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Edited book
This book brings together world-renowned scholars from all over Europe to analyse how successive Europes have been constructed in the wake of the key conflicts of the period: the Cold War and the two World Wars.
History
Democracy in Western Europe after 1945
June 2018
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Chapter
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Democracy in Modern Europe A Conceptual History
Exploring individual countries as well as regional dynamics, this volume comprises a tightly organized, comprehensive, and thoroughly up-to-date exploration of a foundational issue in European political and intellectual history.
History
The (Re-)Making of Masculinity in Europe 1910-1960
January 2015
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Journal article
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Genesis
Afterword: The Limits of an Anti-liberal Europe
December 2014
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Chapter
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Anti-liberal Europe A Neglected Story of Europeanization
Anti-liberal Europe examines these visions, including those of anti-modernist Catholics, conservatives, extreme rightists as well as communists, arguing that antiliberal concepts in 20th-century Europe were not the counterpart to, but ...
History
The Frontiers of Belgium and of Internationalism
September 2013
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Journal article
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Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine
Christian Democracy: one word or two?
September 2012
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Journal article
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Historia y Religión
Available at http://historiayreligion.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Christian-Democracy-MConway.pdf.
The End(s) of Memory: Memories of the Second World War in Belgium
September 2012
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Journal article
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Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine
Memory of the Second World War in Belgium has now reached an end, leading to the incorporation of the memory of the war into various contemporary political and ideological debates. However, during the
fifty years following the end of the conflict, the memory of the war was a prominent feature of the social landscape of the country, preserved in family and personal accounts, in the social narratives of different elements of Belgian society, and in public and intellectual debate and commemoration. From the outset, the memory of the war was contested, partly because of the simple diversity of the memories arising from the war, and partly because the state was never able to act as a dominant force in determining the contours of that memory. Instead, over the course of the post-war decades, a variety of social forces each articulated their distinctive accounts of the war, sometimes in conflict with each other, and sometimes simply co-existing alongside each other in a spirit of rough tolerance. These memories were not free-standing phenomena, but were closely related to the changes taking place within Belgian society. Thus, initially, memory of the war was dominated by the disputes provoked by the question royale, while subsequently they were moulded by the development of forms of regional identity in Flanders and Wallonia. Nevertheless, the memory of the war always remained primarily Belgian. Indeed, as the Belgian nation-state began to diminish, so the period of the Second World War became a place of refuge for a certain sense of Belgianness. War and nation were closely related, making the memory of the war an important site for understanding the transformations which took place in Belgian patriotism from the 1940s to the 1990s.
The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944-1947
January 2012
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Book
The liberation of Belgium by Allied troops in September 1944 marked the end of a harsh German Occupation, but also the beginning of a turbulent and decisive period in the history of the country. There would be no easy transition to peace. Instead, the rival political forces of King Leopold III and his supporters, the former government in exile in London, and the Resistance movements which had emerged during the Occupation confronted each other in a bitter struggle for political ascendancy. The subsequent few years were dominated by an almost continual air of political and social crisis as Resistance demonstrations, strikes, and protests for and against the King appeared to threaten civil war and the institutional dissolution of the country. And yet by 1947 a certain stability had been achieved: the Resistance groups had been marginalised, the Communist Party was excluded from government, the King languished in unwilling exile in Switzerland, and, most tangibly, the pre-war political parties and the parliamentary political regime had been restored.
In this substantial contribution to the history of the liberation era in Europe, Martin Conway provides the first account, based on substantial new archival material, of this process of political normalisation, which provided the basis for the integration of Belgium into the post-war West European political order. That success, however, came at a cost: the absence of any substantial political reform after the Second World War exacerbated the tensions between the different social classes, linguistic communities, and regions within Belgium, providing the basis for the gradual unravelling of the Belgian nation-state which occurred over the second half of the twentieth century.
The Making of Democratic Stability: The Case of Belgium after 1944
December 2011
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Chapter
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Creative Crises of Democracy
Revolution and Counter-Revolution
April 2011
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Chapter
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Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe
This comprehensive history examines the varied manifestations of political violence in Europe's extremely violent twentieth century.
History
Europeanization in the Twentieth Century
December 2010
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Book
Europeanization is a term at the centre of contemporary political debate. In this innovative study, a team of British and German historians present the findings of their research project into how the concept and content of Europeanization needs to be understood as a historical phenomenon, which has changed its meaning during the twentieth century.
History
Towards a European History of the Discourse of Democracy in Western Europe, 1945-60
December 2010
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Chapter
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Europeanization in the Twentieth Century
Europeanization is a term at the centre of contemporary political debate. In this innovative study, a team of British and German historians present the findings of their research project into how the concept and content of Europeanization needs to be understood as a historical phenomenon, which has changed its meaning during the twentieth century.
History
Conclusion
October 2010
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Chapter
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Europeanization in the Twentieth Century Historical Approaches
Europeanization is a term at the centre of contemporary political debate. In this innovative study, a team of British and German historians present the findings of their research project into how the concept and content of Europeanization needs to be understood as a historical phenomenon, which has changed its meaning during the twentieth century.
History
Europeanization in the Twentieth Century Historical Approaches
October 2010
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Book
In this innovative study, a team of British and German historians present the findings of their research project into how the concept and content of Europeanization needs to be understood as a historical phenomenon, which has changed its ...
History
The War for Legitimacy in Politics and Culture 1936-1946
September 2008
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Book
The War for Legitimacy in Politics and Culture 1936-1946 presents the first investigation of how the phenomenon of political legitimacy operated within Europe's political cultures during the period of the Second World War. Amidst the upheavals of that turbulent period in Europe's twentieth-century history, a wide variety of contenders for power emerged, each of which claimed to possess the right to rule.Exploring political discourse, state propaganda, and high and low culture, the book argues that legitimacy lay not with rulers, and still less in the barrel of a gun, but in the values behind differing approaches to "good" government. An important contribution to the study of the political culture of European history from the 1930s to the 1950s, this volume will be essential reading for both political scientists and twentieth-century historians.
History
The Low Countries
August 2007
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Chapter
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Twisted Paths: Europe 1914-1945
A concise introduction to European history between 1914 and 1945, this series of succinct interpretations written by leading scholars offers a new introduction to the period.
History
The Christian Churches and Politics in Europe, 1914-1939
January 2006
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Chapter
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The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 9, World Christianities C.1914-c.2000
The period between 1914 and 1939, which forms the subject of this contribution, therefore lacks an obvious unity in the history of Christian politics in twentieth-century Europe. The constitutional and public status of the Christian churches in European states had evolved over the preceding half-century in highly dissimilar ways. Yet, though pillarisation was a reaction against modernity, it also became the vehicle where by Europe's Christian communities entered into the modern world. The clergy, influenced by the new spiritual priorities of the papacy, generally preferred to step back from direct involvement in political life. The multiple crises, international and national, socio-economic and ideological, that swept across Europe after 1914 destroyed much of the Christian abstentionism from politics. A second, and subtler, change in the patterns of European politics was the decline in anti-clerical and more especially anti-Catholic politics. There was therefore no single path to political modernisation in Europe.
History
Belgium's Mid-Twentieth Century Crisis: Crisis of a Nation State?
September 2005
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Journal article
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Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine
This article examines the crisis of the Belgian nation-state during the latter twentieth century, by exploring the ways in which the upheavals of the 1930s and 1940s contributed to the subsequent problems of Belgium as a political community. It emphasises how the short-term refounding of the state after the liberation exacerbated longer-term political and social tensions.
Problems of Digestion. The Memory of the Second World War in Flanders
September 2005
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Journal article
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The Low Countries
Introduction
November 2004
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Other
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Contemporary European History
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Rise and Fall of Western Europe's Democratic Age, 1945-1973
September 2004
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Journal article
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Contemporary European History
Why did western Europe become so suddenly democratic after 1945? After the upheavals of the previous decade the rather placid politics that follows the war is at first sight difficult to explain. This article seeks to go beyond the tendency of much historical writing to see the hegemonic parliamentary democracy of the roughly twenty-five years after 1945 as the product of exhaustion, economic prosperity or the constraints imposed by the Cold War. Instead, it argues that a path towards democracy can be detected within the events of the war years which then came to fruition in the rather conservative and limited democratic structures of the postwar decades. This Democratic Age then came to a conclusion in the renewed contestation of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The Greek Civil War: Greek Exceptionalism or Mirror of a European Civil War?
June 2004
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Chapter
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The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of Exceptionalism and Silences
Half a century after the civil war which tore apart Greek society in the 1940s, the essays in this volume look back to examine the crisis. They combine the approaches of political and international history with the latest research into the social, economic, religious, cultural, ideological and literary aspects of the struggle. Underpinned by the use of a wide range of hitherto neglected sources, the contributions shed new light, broaden the scope of inquiry, and offer fresh analysis. Thus far, comparative approaches have not been employed in the study of the Greek Civil War. The papers here redress this imbalance and establish the not always so clear links between Greek and European historical developments in the 1940s, placing the evolution of Greek society and politics in a European context. They also highlight the complexity and interconnections of the social, economic and political cleavages that split Greek society, and provide a comprehensive and subtle understanding of the origins, course and impact of the Greek Civil War in a variety of contexts and levels. The volume will appeal to those interested in the European history of the 1940s and the origins of the Cold War, in addition to the specialists of modern Greek history and those engaged in the comparative study of civil wars.
History
Reply to Jones
February 2004
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Journal article
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Contemporary European History
Historians are from Mars and political scientists are from Venus (or was it the other way round?). The most striking feature of Erik Jones's stimulating and generous response to my article is the way in which it highlights the divergent approaches to the postwar era adopted by historians and political scientists. In many respects, this is a very good thing. We need the stimuli provided by those rooted in different traditions bringing their distinctive approaches to the same subject matter, just as, for the early medieval period, historians, archaeologists and literary scholars confront the fragmentary evidence of post-Roman Europe in contrasting but often mutually enriching ways.
The Rise and Fall of Western Europe's Democratic Age, 1945–1973
February 2004
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Journal article
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Contemporary European History
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Europe after the High Tide: The Belgian Model for a Diverging Union
September 2003
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Conference paper
The Age of Christian Democracy: The Frontiers of Success and Failure
May 2003
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Chapter
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European Christian Democracy Historical Legacies and Comparative Perspectives
In this book, scholars explore the historical roots of the European Christian Democratic movement in Catholic social doctrine and political practice and use Christian Democracy as a means to analyze the relationship between religion and ...
History
Democracy in Postwar Western Europe: The Triumph of a Political Model
January 2002
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Journal article
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European History Quarterly
The Politics of Democracy in Twentieth-Century Europe: Introduction
January 2002
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Journal article
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European History Quarterly
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
Catholic Politics or Christian Democracy? The Evolution of inter-war Political Catholicism
September 2001
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Chapter
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Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert; Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe
Europe in Exile European Exile Communities in Britain, 1940-1945
January 2001
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Book
In this volume, an international team of historians consider the exile groups from Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Norway and Czechoslovakia, analysing not merely the relations between the plethora of exile regimes and the British ...
History
Left Catholicism in Europe in the 1940s. Elements of an Explanation
January 2001
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Chapter
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Left Catholicism 1943-1955 Catholics and Society in Western Europe at the Point of Liberation
Catholics and Society in Western Europe at the Point of Liberation Gerd-Rainer Horn, Emmanuel Gerard ... 237-247; Miiller, ELEMENTS OF AN INTERPRETATION 269 Left Catholicism in Europe in the 1940s Elements of an Interpretation.
Religion
Justice in postwar Belgium: Popular passions and political realities
April 2000
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Chapter
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The Politics of Retribution in Europe World War II and Its Aftermath
This book sheds light on the collective amnesia that overtook European governments and peoples regarding their own responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity--an amnesia that has only recently begun to dissipate as a result ...
History
Catholic Politics in Europe, 1918-1945
May 1997
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Book
The Nazi seizure of power in Germany in 1933 and the election of the Popular Front government in France in 1936 as well as ..
The polarisation of European politics and diplomacy between the rival causes of liberal parliamentarism, Soviet'...
History
The Liberation of Belgium 1944-45: The Successful Counter-Revolution
September 1996
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Chapter
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The End of the War in Europe, 1945
Belgium
April 1996
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Chapter
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Political Catholicism in Europe
In the twentieth century, Catholics have been enthusiastic supporters of the dictatorships of Franco and Salazar, victims of Nazism in Germany, and advocates of Christian Democracy in post-war Europe. What unites these experiences? Focusing on the years between the end of the First World War and the Second Vatican Council, a group of expert historians tackle this issue on a country-by-country basis, investigating how far Catholicism represented not only a religious but also a major political and social force in European politics. The issues covered include Christian Democracy, the best-known expression of Catholic political activity, as well as various lesser-known forms such as Catholic Action, corporatism, Catholic trade unions and other lay movements. In this authoritative and stimulating book, the contributors clearly demonstrate that political Catholicism has been unduly neglected by historians of twentieth-century Europe. This pioneering volume will be of value to scholars, students, and all those interested in understanding the role of Catholicism in this century.
Introduction
January 1996
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Chapter
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Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918-1965
This pioneering volume will be of value to scholars, students, and all those interested in understanding the role of Catholicism in this century.
Religion
Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918-1965
January 1996
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Book
This pioneering volume will be of value to scholars, students, and all those interested in understanding the role of Catholicism in this century.
Religion
The Extreme Right in Inter-War Francophone Belgium: Explanations of a Failure
January 1996
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Journal article
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European History Quarterly
Belgium
January 1995
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Chapter
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The Oxford Companion to the Second World War
World War, 1939-1945
Léon Degrelle: Les Années de Collaboration
September 1994
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Book
Collaboratie in België Léon Degrelle en het rexisme, 1940 - 1944
January 1994
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Book
Collaboration in Belgium Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement, 1940-1944
January 1993
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Book
This book examines the history of political collaboration in Belgium during World War II. The Rexist movement was founded in the early 1930s by Leon Degrelle as a movement of renovation and conquest, and it was gradually transformed into a ...
Fascism
Building the Christian City: Catholics and Politics in Inter-War Francophone Belgium
January 1990
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Journal article
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Past and Present: A Journal of Historical Studies
European History Quarterly Special Issue: Introduction
Other
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European History Quarterly
Legacies of Exile: The Exile Governments in London and the Politics of Post-War Europe
Chapter
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Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940-45
During World War II, London was transformed into a European city, as it unexpectedly became a place of refuge for many thousands of European citizens who through choice or the accidents of war found themselves seeking refuge in Britain from the military campaigns on the Continent of Europe. In this volume, an international team of historians consider the exile groups from Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Norway and Czechoslovakia, analysing not merely the relations between the plethora of exile regimes and the British government in terms of its military and social dimensions but also the legacy of this period of exile for the politics of post-war Europe. Particular attention is paid to the Belgian exiles, the most numerous exile population in Britain during World War II.
