1652 The Cardinal, the Prince, and the Crisis of The 'Fronde'
July 2020
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Book
Parrott challenges the near-universal notion that the French civil war of 1648-1652 was a predictable, trivial clash between royal forces and ministerial modernity.
Interests, Corruption and Military Effectiveness: the French Army of Italy and the Campaign of 1657
January 2019
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Journal article
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Rivista di storia economica
Challenging the traditional argument that the French army in the 1650s was marked by significant developments in centralized administrative control, this article looks at the continuing importance of the interplay of three interest groups in determining the effectiveness of military operations: central government; the generals and their military administrators; the regimental officers. It argues that in the Italian theatre these three interest groups proved unable to work together, and explores the consequences of this for strategy and military outcomes.
War and Politics
January 2019
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Chapter
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The Oxford Illustrated History of the Renaissance
La derniere campagne d'Armand de Bourbon, Prince de Conde
January 2017
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Chapter
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Regards nouveaux sur les institutions représentatives de l'ancien régime, la Cour, la diplomatie, la guerre et la littérature : Essais en hommage à John Rogister
Richelieu, Mazarin and Italy (1635–59): Statesmanship in Context
July 2016
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Chapter
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Secretaries and Statecraft in the Early Modern World
Bringing together case studies drawn from across Europe and Asia, and written by leading scholars in their fields, this collection offers a novel and genuinely trans-regional take on the emergence of modern inter-state relations.
The Military Enterpriser in the Thirty Years’ War
May 2014
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Chapter
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War, Entrepreneurs, and the State in Europe and the Mediterranean, 1300-1800
Topics covered include logistics, supply, recruitment, and the finance of war. Chapters have been carefully commissioned with an eye towards complementarity.
History
The Business of War: Military Enterprise and Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe
March 2012
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Book
Armed Forces
February 2012
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Chapter
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The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Regime
In The Oxford Handbook of the Old Regime, an international team of 30 contributors surveys and presents current thinking about the world of pre-revolutionary ...
History
Armed Forces
January 2012
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Chapter
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The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime
AbstractIn early 1645 Field Marshal Lennard Torstensson led a Swedish army of 9,000 cavalry, 6,000 infantry, and sixty cannon against a Habsburg-Imperial army of 10,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and twenty-six cannon commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeld. Both armies were composed of regiments commanded by international colonel-proprietors, who had used their funds or credit to raise and maintain military units. Many of the soldiers in both armies had been in service for ten years or more. The colonel-proprietors and generals in both armies regarded the recruitment of their experienced veterans as a long-term investment, and both were supported in their enterprises by an international network of private credit facilities, munitions manufacturers, food suppliers, and transport contractors. In both cases this elaborate structure was funded through control of the financial resources of entire territories, largely extracted and administered by the military high command. The armies clashed at Jankow in Bohemia, and the Imperial forces, though superior in cavalry, were held and eventually defeated by the Swedes, in part thanks to their artillery.
The Thirty Years War, 1618-48
December 2011
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Chapter
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The Practice of Strategy
Yet, despite the extraordinary variety of the people, circumstances, and motives discussed in this book, there is a strong case for continuity in the ...
History
The Thirty Years War, 1618–48
October 2011
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Chapter
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The Practice of StrategyFrom Alexander the Great to the Present
Had a distinct template for a ‘Western way of war’ been established before 1800?
July 2011
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Chapter
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The Changing Character of War
This book is a project of the Oxford Leverhulme Program on the Changing Character of War.
Law
Had a Distinct Template for a ‘Western Way of War’ been Established before 1800?
May 2011
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Chapter
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The Changing Character of War
Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the Western way of war. Since the seventeenth century, Western military superiority has rested on the ability of states and peoples to stay ahead of the game in developing cutting-edge military technology, both in wars between European powers and in European expansion into the wider world. However, a study of the military history also shows that in cases where there has been a great leap forward in pure military potential and effectiveness, many transformations have little to do with a single, or even a combination of, technological innovations. Many war-transforming developments were about organization and resources, not technology.
Art, Ceremony and Performance: Cardinal Mazarin and Cultural Patronage at the Court of Louis XIV
February 2010
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Chapter
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Ballet de la Nuit
From Military Enterprise to Standing Armies: State, Society and Military Organization, 1600-1700
February 2010
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Chapter
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European warfare, 1350-1750
History
From military enterprise to standing armies: war, state, and society in western Europe, 1600–1700
January 2010
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Chapter
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European Warfare, 1350–1750
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology, 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Italian soldiers in French service, 1500-1700. The collapse of a military tradition
December 2008
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Chapter
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Italiani al servizio straniero in età moderna. Annali di storia militare europea 1 Annali di storia militare europea 1
History
Etats et frontières en Europe, 1516-1660
January 2007
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Chapter
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Vauban: bâtisseur du Roi-Soleil
France's War against the Habsburgs, 1624-1659: The Politics of Military Failure
January 2006
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Chapter
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Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica Política: Estrategia y Cultura en la Europa Moderna, 1500-1700
Monarchy
Cultures of Combat in the Ancien Régime: Linear Warfare, Noble Values, and Entrepreneurship
September 2005
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Journal article
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International History Review
Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642
September 2001
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Book
It is assumed widely that 'war made the state' in seventeenth-century France. Yet this study of the French army during the ministry of Cardinal Richelieu (1624–42) shows how the expansion of the war effort was not matched by army reform but by a reliance on traditional mechanisms of control. The army imposed a huge burden upon the French population, but far from being an instrument of the emerging absolutist state its demands contributed to weakening Richelieu's hold upon France and heightened levels of political and social tension. This is the first detailed account of the size, organization, recruitment, financing and control of the troops during this formative period of French history. The book also includes a detailed study of foreign policy during Richelieu's ministry, and places the training, deployment and fighting methods of the French army into the context of arguments for military change in early modern Europe.
History
War and International Relations in Seventeenth-Century Europe
January 2001
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Chapter
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The Seventeenth Century: Europe 1598-1715
In this book, the seventeenth century, heavy with significance for the future of Europe, is fully explored by Professor Bergin and six major authors as they address, in turn, economy, society, politics, war and international relations, science, thought and culture ('The Age of Curiosity'), and Europe in the wider world. In a set of chapters covering and contrasting the European experience across the full century and the full continent, the reader is offered a rich, lively, and provocative introduction to the period, and students a superbly authoritative context for more detailed work.
"Richelieu, Charles de Gonzague-Nevers et le "jeu forcé"; la France et la Guerre de la Succession de Mantoue, 1628-1630
September 2000
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Chapter
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L'Europe des traites de Westphalie. Esprit de la diplomatie et diplomatie de l'esprit
The Utility of Fortifications in Early Modern Europe: Italian Princes and Their Citadels, 1540–1640
April 2000
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Journal article
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War in History
Considerable attention has been given to the development of new and more sophisticated styles of fortification which spread across early modern Europe, and to the assumed impact of such developments on the character of war and international relations. However, by taking at face value the rhetoric of impregnability attached to massive fortification projects, historians have missed the essential point that fortresses could succeed in their defensive purpose only in conjunction with field armies able to relieve the garrison placed under siege. This essential lesson was ignored by rulers of second- and third-rank states, who constructed fortifications to project both military effectiveness and dynastic status but without incurring the huge and unsustainable additional costs of maintaining an effective field army. The result of such fortification projects - seen in case studies of the Farnese citadel at Piacenza, the Gonzaga at Casale-Monferrato and the dukes of Savoy at Pinerolo - was to undermine an earlier diplomacy based on a careful balancing of the major powers and their interests in Italy. Strategically placed citadels held by rulers without effective field armies presented both an enticement and a danger to the governments of France and Habsburg Spain. The result was a series of pre-emptive strikes which established garrisons of French or Spanish troops within these citadels, often to prevent the other major power doing the same thing, and a drastic curtailment of the freedom of the respective Italian princes.
The Mantuan Succession and the Thirty Years' War
January 1998
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Chapter
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1648, War and Peace in Europe: Politics, religion, law, and society
Peace of Westphalia
The Mantuan Succession, 1627-31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe
February 1997
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Journal article
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The English Historical Review
4303 Historical Studies, 43 History, Heritage and Archaeology
The Role of Fortifications in Early Modern Europe; the Farnese and the security of the duchies of Parma and Piacenza
January 1997
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Chapter
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I Farnese. Corte, guerra e nobiltà in antico regime
The sovereignty of Monferrato and the citadel of Casale as European problems in the Early Modern Period
January 1997
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Chapter
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Stefano Guazzo e Casale tra Cinque e Seicento
A prince souverain and the French crown: Charles de Nevers, 1580-1637
June 1996
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Chapter
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Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton
This illustrated collection of specially-commissioned essays by a team of leading scholars addresses the theme of sovereignty and the sources and variety of political power in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe. A notable feature is the attention given to visual material, which previous scholars have been slow to exploit and which is reflected in the large number of distinctive and unusual illustrations. The book's diverse themes were all illuminated by the writings of Professor Ragnhild Hatton (1913-95) to whose memory this collection is dedicated.
History
Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: the 'Military Revolution
May 1995
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Chapter
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The Military Revolution: Debate Readings On The Military Transformation Of Early Modern Europe
This book brings together, for the first time, the classic articles that began and have shaped this debate, adding important new essays by eminent historians of early modern Europe to further this important scholarly interchange.
History
Power and Patronage in the French Army, 1620-1659
January 1995
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Chapter
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Patronages et Clientélismes 1550-1750 (France, Angleterre, Espagne, Italie)
Richelieu, the Grands and the French Army
October 1992
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Chapter
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Richelieu and his Age
This study of Cardinal Richelieu's career as chief minister to Louis XIII of France presents the original research of eight experts in the field. Linking their work is the belief that Richelieu's ministry was a significant moment in the history of early modern France.
The authors reject the traditional picture of Richelieu as the single-handed creator of the French absolute state and the original exponent of Realpolitik. Instead they paint a collective portrait of a statesman politically astute but none the less devout. The Richelieu who emerges is in many respects a conservative figure, but one driven by a genuine desire to establish a more just and peaceful society (both in France and in Europe). The emphasis here then is on Richelieu the Cardinal, not Richelieu the secular statesman. The tragedy and irony of his ministry, as the authors also show, was that in order to maintain himself in power, Richelieu had to behave more like a Renaissance prince than a Counter-Reformation prelate.
The Causes of the Franco-Spanish War of 1635-59
August 1987
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Chapter
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The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe
Swedish successes in the first eight years of the Great Northern War, and the collapse of the anti-Swedish coalition in... theory around this issue of different assessments, it would be more appropriate in the case of early-modern Europe to...
History
Strategy and Tactics in the Thirty Years' War: the 'Military Revolution