Some of my research has concentrated on periods of conversion to Christianity, including the English in the seventh century and Scandinavians (home and away) in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh. I am interested in all aspects of the Scandinavian world in the early middle ages, including viking military activity and the history of Scandinavia and the overseas settlements. Within this broad field, I have worked particularly on Scandinavians outside their homelands, applying an interdisciplinary and comparative approach to issues of integration and interaction between incomers and established societies, while also considering what far-flung Viking-Age populations had in common. My approach can be broad-brush ('Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age', Early Medieval Europe 20:1 (2012)) or focused on particular locations (‘Early Normandy', Anglo-Norman Studies 35 (2013)). Although I have retired from formal teaching, I am continuing to research in these fields. My most recent studies address conversion to Christianity through political baptism, the religious lives of viking armies, and relations with the Church in England; others focus on the contribution of personal and place-names and material evidence such as stone sculpture and ‘memory objects’ to our understanding of the lived experience of Scandinavians in various overseas locations (see Publications).