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From Social Democracy to Market Liberalism:
a Global Wave c. 1970–2015


(Professor Avner Offer)

[Hilary and Trinity terms, 2010]



Lecture slides are mounted only after the relevant session has taken place

The postwar ‘golden age’ of economic growth also built up American and European welfare states. This settlement was challenged in the 1970s by the ‘losers’, a coalition of business, taxpayers, consumers, ideologists and social scientists. From this core of discontent, market liberalism retrieved the intellectual and political hegemony it had previously lost, and continued to advance across the globe until its recent crisis. The course investigates the origins, attributes, and drivers of this movement, its successes, failures, and prospects. The focus is on the formation and consequences of policy norms. 

* Core readings – make sure you read them

[gb]=currently available on Google Books (incomplete)

[ao]=digital copy will be made available (incomplete – others may also be provided)

Primary text:


One: Social Democracy and its Crisis

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Watchword: security

Primary texts:

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Excerpt from 11 January 1944 message to Congress on the State of the Union

Readings:        

  • Alesina, Alberto, and Glaeser, Edward L., Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe : A World of Difference ( Oxford, 2004), chs. 1, 6-7.
  • Barr, Nicholas, ‘Economic Theory and the Welfare State: A Survey and Interpretation’, Journal of Economic Literature, 30 (1992), pp. 741-80.
  • Benabou, R. and Tirole, J., ‘Belief in a Just World and Redistributive Politics’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121 (2006), pp. 699-746.
  • Eichengreen, Barry, ‘Institutions and Economic Growth: Europe after World War II’, in Crafts, Nicholas and Toniolo, Gianni (eds.), Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (1996), pp. 38-72.
  • Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1990), chs. 2-3.
  • *Farley, Reynolds, The New American Reality (1996), ch. 3, ‘The 1970s: A Turning Point in the Nation’s Economy and Whom it Rewards’.
  • Freeman, Richard B. America Works : The Exceptional U.S. Labor Market (New York, 2007).[gb]
  • Fong, Christina M., Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis, ‘Reciprocity and the Welfare State’, in Bowles, Samuel et al. (eds.), Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life (Cambridge, Mass, 2005).
  • Fraser, Steve, and Gerstle, Gary (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton, 1989), Introduction.
  • Glyn, Andrew, Capitalism Unleashed (2006), ch. 5, ‘Labour’s Retreat’.
  • *Hacker, Jacob S. The Divided Welfare State : The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States (Cambridge, 2002),e sp. Chs. 4-5.
  • International Labour Organization, World of Work Report 2009: The Global Jobs Crisis and Beyond (Geneva, 2009), ch. 2. ‘Making Finance Work for the Real Economy: Challenges for Policy’. [online]
  • Marmor, Theodore R., Mashaw, Jerry L. and Harvey, Philip,  America's Misunderstood Welfare State : Persistent Myths, Enduring Realities (New York, 1992), chs. 1-2.
  • *Offer, Avner,  ’Contract  Ambiguity and the Welfare  State’  (unpublished paper, 2009).
  • *Pierson, Paul, Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (Cambridge, 1995), chs. 1-2, 6. [gb]

    Exam question: Was social democracy an historical aberration?

Two: ‘The Great Disruption’

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Watchword: respect.

Primary Texts:

a. Women

b. Civil rights

c. Crime

Readings:

  • Elsner, Alan, Gates of Injustice : The Crisis in America’s Prisons (Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2004).
  • *Fukuyama, Francis, The Great Disruption : Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (London, 1999).
  • Flamm, Michael W., Law and Order : Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 2005).
  • Furstenberg,  Frank F., 'The Fading Dream: Prospects for Marriage in the Inner City' in Anderson, Elijah and Massey, Douglas S. (eds.),  Problem of the Century: Racial Stratification in the United States (New York, 2001), ch. 8 [gb]
  • *Bosworth, Mary, Explaining U.S. Imprisonment (Thousand Oaks, CA , 2010), chs. 5-6.
  • Gottfredson, Michael R., and Hirschi, Travis, A General Theory of Crime (Stanford, Calif, 1990), esp. ch. 5. [gb]
  • Hemenway, David, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor, 2004). [gb]
  • [Moynihan Report] United States. Dept. of Labor. Office of Policy Planning and Research, The Negro Family : The Case for National Action ([Washington], 1965).
  • Offer, Avner, The Challenge of Affluence:Self-Control and Well-Being in the USA and Britain since 1850 (Oxford, 2006), Chs. 11-14.
  • Rosenfeld, Richard, ‘The Case of the Unsolved Crime Decline’, Scientific American, 290 (2004), pp. 82-90. [online; AO]
  • Schelling, Thomas, Micromotives and Macrobehavior (New York, 1978), ch. 4., ‘Sorting and Mixing: Race and Sex’.
  • Simon, Jonathan, Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (New York, 2007). [available online – see SOLO]
  • Schulman, Bruce and Zelizer, Julian eds., Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s (Cambridge, Mass, 2008). [gb]
  • Smeeding, Timothy ‘Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in Comparative Perspective’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (2006), pp. 69-90.
  • Waquant, Loic, Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham, NC, 2009).
  • *Wilson, William J., The Truly Disadvantaged : The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago ; London: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chs. 1-2, 7.
  • Zimring, Franklin E., The Great American Crime Decline (New York ; Oxford, 2007), ch. 8 [gb]

    Supplementary

  • Field, Simon, `Trends in Crime and their Interpretation: A Study of recorded  Crime in Post-war England and Wales ’, Home Office Research Study 119 (1990) [ao]
  • Freeman, Richard B., ‘Crime and the Labour Market’ in The Economic Dimensions of Crime, ed. Nigel Fielding, Alan Clarke and Robert Witt  (2000), pp. 150-175.
  •  Levitt, Steven D., and Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi, ‘An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang’s Finances’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 115, 3 (2000), pp. 755-789.
  • Lykken, David T., ‘The American Crime Factory’, Psychological Inquiry, vol. 8, 3 (1997), 261-270. [ao]
  • *Massey, Douglas S., and Denton, Nancy A., American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass, 1993).
  • Miller, Jerome, Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System (1996)
  •   van Dijk, Jan J.M., ‘Understanding Crime Rates: On the Interactions Between the Rational Choices of Victims and Offenders’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 34, no. 2 (1994), 105-121

Examination question: Do the components of ‘the great disruption’ have common causes?

Three: Anger

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Watchword: See full size image

Texts:

a.       Guns

b.  Race and politics

c. Religion

d. ‘Individualism’

Readings

·         Albelda, Randy Pearl,  Folbre, Nancy, and Center for Popular Economics (U.S.), The War on the Poor : A Defense Manual (New York: New Press, 1996). [ao]

·         Almond, Gabriel A.  , Sivan, Emmanuel , and Appleby, R Scott, ‘Fundamentalism: Genus and Species’, in Marty, Martin E. and Appleby, R. Scott (eds.), Fundamentalisms Comprehended, vol. 5, Fundamentalisms ( Chicago, 1995), pp. 399-424.

·         Ansolabehere, Stephen,  Rodden, Jonathan,  and Snyder, James M. Jr., ‘Purple America’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (2006), p. 97–118.

·         Bellah, Robert N., Habits of the Heart : Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley, 1985), ch. 6. ‘Individualism’.

·         Bennett, David Harry, The Party of Fear : From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), ch. 15.

·         Cutler, D. M., Glaeser, E. L., and Norberg, K. E., ‘Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide’, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research, Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers, Discussion Paper no. 117 (Cambridge, MA, 2001).

·         Edsall, Thomas Byrne, and Edsall, Mary D., Chain Reaction : The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York ; London, 1991).

·         *Frank, Thomas, What’s the Matter with Kansas? : How Conservatives Won the Heart of America ( New York, N.Y., 2004).

·         Greeley, Andrew M. and Hout, Michael, The Truth About Conservative Christians : What They Think and What They Believe (Chicago, 2006).

·         Herbert J. Gans, Middle American Individualism : The Future of Liberal Democracy (New York, 1988).

·         Greeley, Andrew and Hout, Michael, The Truth about Conservative Christians (Chicago, 2006), chs. 4, 8-10.

·         Harcourt, Bernard E., Guns, Crime and Punishment in America (New York, 2002).

·         Hemenway, David, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor, 2004).

·         Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare : Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy (Chicago, 1999), esp. ch. 3 [gb]

·         *Iannacone, Laurence R., ‘Heirs to the Protestant Ethic? The Economics of American Fundamentalists’, in Marty, Martin E. and Appleby, R. Scott (eds.), Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, vol. 3, Fundamentalisms ( Chicago, 1993), pp. 342-366.

·         Kasser, Tim, and Kanner, Allen, Psychology and Consumer Culture : The Struggle for a Good Life in a Materialistic World ( Washington, D.C., 2003), esp. ch. 2.

·         *Lieven, Anatol, America Right or Wrong : An Anatomy of American Nationalism ( London, 2004)., chs. 3-4.

·         Neiwert, David A., The Eliminationists : How Hate Talk Radicalized the American Right (Sausalito, CA, 2009), ch. 8.

·         Phillips, Kevin P., The Emerging Republican Majority (Garden City, N.Y, 1970).

·         Phillips, Kevin P., American Theocracy ( New York, 2006), Part II, esp. ch. 4.

·         * Rubin, Zick and Peplau, Letitia Anne, ‘Who Believes in a Just World?’, Journal of Social Issues, 31, 3 (1975). [JSTOR]

·         Seligman, Martin- E. P., ‘Why Is There So Much Depression Today? The Waxing of the Individual and the Waning of the Commons’, in Ingram, R. E. (ed.), Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression (New York, 1990), pp. 1-9 . [ao]

·         Scott, Charity ‘Belief in a Just World: A Case Study in Public Health Ethics,’ Hastings Center Report 38, no. 1 (2008), pp. 16-19. [ao]

·         *Teixeira, Ruy (ed.), Red, Blue, and Purple America: The Future of Election Demographics (Washington, 2008), esp. chs. 3-6 [gb]

·         Tropman, John E., Does America Hate the Poor? : The Other American Dilemma : Lessons for the 21st Century from the 1960s and the 1970s (Westport, Conn. ; London, 1998), chs. 1, 9, 10. [q] [or Waquant, previous session]

·         Twenge, J. M., ‘The Age of Anxiety? Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952-1993’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (2000), 1007-10021.

·         Schulman, Bruce and Zelizer, Julian eds., Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s (Cambridge, Mass, 2008). [gb]

 Examination Question: The shift to individualism --- cause or effect?

Four: Against taxation

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Watchword: "Government is not a solution to our problem, government is the problem." [Reagan inaugural]

Text: Wanniski, Jude, The Way the World Works (1978), ch. 6, or Wanniski, Jude, ‘Taxes, Revenues, and the "Laffer Curve"’, The Public Interest, 50 (Winter 1978).

a. Policy objectives of business campaign

b. Underlying principles

·         Chait, Jonathan, The Big Con: Crackpot Economics and the Fleecing of America (New York, 2007).

·         Drew, Elizabeth, Politics and Money : The New Road to Corruption (New York, 1983).

·         Easton, Nina, Gang of Five: Leaders at the Centre of the Conservative Crusade (New York, 2000), chs. 3, 16 [about Gover Norquist]

·         Edsall, Thomas Byrne, The New Politics of Inequality (New York, 1984).

·         Harvey, David, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford, 2005), chs. 1-3.

·         Hacker, Jacob S., The Great Risk Shift: the Assault on American Jobs, Families, Health Care and Retirement and How You Can Fight Back (Oxford, 2006), esp. chs. 1-3, 6. 

·         Hudson, William E., The Libertarian Illusion : Ideology, Public Policy, and the Assault on the Common Good (Washington, DC, 2008).

·         Kaiser, Robert G., So Damn Much Money : The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of American Government (New York, 2009).

·         Lakoff, George,  Moral Politics : How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd ed. edn. (Chicago, 2002), chs. 1-2, 5-6.

·         McGirr, Lisa, Suburban Warriors : The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, N.J., 2001), esp. chs. 4-6. [gb]

·         Micklethwait, John, and Wooldridge, Adrian, The Right Nation : Conservative Power in America (New York, 2004), esp. chs. 9-10.

·         Narveson, Jan, The Libertarian Idea (Philadelphia, 1988).

·         Norquist, Grover Glenn Leave Us Alone : Getting the Governments Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives, (New York, 2008).

·         Philliips, Kevin, Wealth and Democracy (New York, 2002), chs. 7, 8,

·         Phillips-Fein, Kim, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York, 2009).

·         Sears, David O., and Citrin, Jack, Tax Revolt : Something for Nothing in California (Cambridge, Mass ; London, 1982).

·         Sutton, Francis X. et al.,  The American Business Creed (Cambridge MA, 1956).

Examination question: Is Libertarianism an illusion?

Five: Empire and War.

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Watchword: evil empire

Texts:

·         Stanley Kubrick, ‘Dr Strangelove’ [film]

·         Robert McNamara, ‘The Fog of War’ [film]

·         Graham Greene, The Quiet American (1955), esp. pt. two, ch. 3/II.

a. Imperial ambitions.

b.  Technology and empire. 

c.  Imperial overstretch?

Readings:

  • Bacevich, Andrew, ‘Social Work with Guns’, London Review of Books, 17 Dec. 2009.
  • Brzezinski, Zbigniew, The Choice : Global Domination or Global Leadership (New York, 2004).
  • Chomsky, Noam, Hegemony or Survival : America’s Quest for Global Dominance (London, 2004).
  • Edelstein, Michael, ‘War and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century’, in Engerman, Stanley L. and Gallman, Robert E. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States . Volume 3. The Twentieth Century, vol. 3 ( Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 2000), pp. 329-405. [gb]
  • Edgerton, David E.H., Warfare State: Britain, 1920-1970 (Cambridge, 2006), ch. 6. ‘The warfare state and the ‘white heat’, 1955-1970’. [gb]
  • Enthoven, Alain C., and Smith, K. Wayne, How Much Is Enough? : Shaping the Defense Program, 1961-1969 (New York, 1971), esp. ch. 6. [gb]
  • Fishback, Price, ‘Seeking Security in the Post-War Era’, in Price Fishback, et al., Government and the American Economy: A New History (Chicago, 2007), ch. 17.
  • Halberstam, David, The Best and the Brightest (London, 1972), ch. 8.
  • Higgs, Robert, ‘The Cold War Economy: Opportunity Costs, Ideology, and the Politics of Crisis’, Explorations in Economic History, 31 (1994), pp. 283-312.
  • Mann, Michael, Incoherent Empire (New York, 2003), chs 1, 9. [gb]
  • Nye, Joseph S., Soft Power : The Means to Success in World Politics (New York, 2004).
  • Stelzer, Irwin M. (ed.),  Neoconservatism (London, 2004).
  • Todd, Emmanuel, After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order (London, 2003), ch. 16. ‘Confront the Strong or Attack the Weak?’

 Examination question: Why has America resorted repeatedly to ‘hard power’?


Six: Rational expectations.

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Watchword:  Science

Primary Texts: ‘Essentials of Objectivism’ [appendix to Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (1957) [Signet edition]

Adam Curtis, ‘The Trap’ [BBC documentary series]

a. Rational Choice

b.  Public Choice

c.   Efficient markets

d.  Rational Expectations and New Classical Macro

Readings:

  • Allingham, Michael, Choice Theory : A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2002).
  • Bernstein, Peter, Capital Ideas (New York, 1992), ch. 11. [alternative to Justin Fox below]

·         *Buchanan, James M. ‘Public Choice: The Origins and Development of a Research Program’, Center for Study of Public Choice, George Mason University (Fairfax, VA, 2003).

·         Blyth, Mark, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 2002), chs. 5-6.

·         Buchanan, James M., and Musgrave, Richard Abel, Public Finance and Public Choice : Two Contrasting Visions of the State (Cambridge, Mass. ; London, 1999).

  • Bleaney, M.F., The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics: An Investigation of its Contribution to Capitalist Development (Basingstoke, 1985), ch. 3. 
  • Fox, Justin, The Myth of the Rational Market (New York, 2009), chs. 5-6.
  • *Freidman, Milton and Freidman, Rose, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago, 1962).
  • Friedman, Milton and Friedman, Rose D., Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (London, 1990). 
  • Glyn, Andrew, Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization and Welfare (Oxford, 2006).
  • Greenspan, Alan, The Age of Turbulence : Adventures in a New World (New York, 2007), ch. 2, ‘The Making of an Economist’.
  • *Hoover, Kevin D., The New Classical Macroeconomics : A Sceptical Inquiry (Oxford, 1990).
  • *Hoover, Kevin D., The New Classical Macroeconomics (Aldershot, 1992), vol. 1, Introduction, select articles.
  • Klamer, Arjo, The New Classical Macroeconomics: Conversations with the New Classical Economists and their Opponents (Brighton, 1984), Introduction and ch. 1. 
  • Krugman, Paul, Peddling Prosperity (1994), chs. 1-3, 8.
  • Krugman, Paul, ‘How did Economists Get it So Wrong?’, New York Times Magazine, 8 Sept. 2009.
  • van Overtveld, Johan, The Chicago School : How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionised Economics and Business (St. Paul, Minn, 2006), ch. 6.
  • Lerner, Melvin J. and Miller, Dale T. ‘Just World Research and the Attribution Process: Looking Back and Ahead’, Psychological Bulletin, 85 (1978), pp. 1030-1051.
  • Mirowski, Philip and Plehwe, Dieter, The Road from Mont Pèlerin : The Making of the Neoliberal Thought London: Harvard University Press, 2009).
  • Stigler, George J., ‘The Theory of Economic Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics, 2 (1971), pp. 137-146.
  • Snowdon, Brian, and Vane, Howard R., Modern Macroeconomics : Its Origins, Development and Current State ( Cheltenham, 2005), chs. 5-6. See interviews with Lucas and Prescott.
  • *Taleb, Nassim, The Black Swan : The Impact of the Highly Improbable (London, 2007).

 Examination question:  Why does high theory carry high authority? 


Seven: From Theory to Policy

Watchword: ‘When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a measure’ [Goodhart’s Law]

Texts: 

  • Williamson, John, ‘What Washington Means by Policy Reform’, in Williamson, John (ed.), Latin American Adjustment: How Much has Happened? (Washington, DC, 1990) 

a. Washington Consensus

b. New Public Management

Readings:

Washington Consensus

  • Amadae, S. M., Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003), ch. 1.
  • Gershman, John and Irwin, Alec, ‘Getting a Grip on the Global Economy’, in Jim Yong Kim, Joyce V. Millen, Alec Irwin and Jogb Gershman (eds.), Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), pp. 11-43.
  • Jan Kregel, ‘The Discrete Charm of the Washington Consensus’, Levy Economics Institute (Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, 2008)
  • Krogstad, Erlend, ‘The Post-Washington Consensus: Brand New Agenda or Old Wine in a New Bottle?’ Challenge, 50 (2007), pp. 67-85.
    http://club.filltong.net/upload/down/202/thepost-washintonconsensus.pdf
  • Krugman, Paul, Peddling Prosperity (1994), pt. 1 and ch. 8.
  • Prasad, Monica, The Politics of Free Markets: the Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany and the United States (Chicago and London, 2006), ch. 2.
  • *Rodrik, Dani, ‘Goodby Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol . 44, Dec. (2006).
  • *Stiglitz, Joseph E., Globalization and Its Discontents ( London, 2002), chs. 3. 8.
  • *Zagha, Roberto, Nankani, Gobind T., and World Bank., Economic Growth in the 1990s : Learning from a Decade of Reform (Washington, DC, 2005).

    New Public Management

  • *Drechsler, Wolfgang, ‘The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management’, Post-Autistic Economics Review, 32 (2005). [online]
  • Eliassen, Kjell A. and Sitter, Nick, Understanding Public Management (London: SAGE, 2007).
  • Enthoven, Alain C., Theory and Practice of Managed Competition in Health Care Finance (Amsterdam, 1988).
  • *Ferle, Ewan et al., The Oxford Handbook of Public Management (Oxford, 2005), chs. 1-2, 20-21.
  • Greer, Patricia,  Transforming Central Government : The Next Steps Initiative (Buckingham, 1994).
  • Lane, Jan-Erik, New Public Management (London, 2000), chs. 7, 10, Conclusion. [gb]
  • Marsden, David, French, Stephen and Kubo, Katsuyuki., Does Performance Pay De-Motivate, and Does It Matter? (London, 2001). [ao]
  • *Osborne, David and Gaebler, Ted,  Reinventing Government : How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector (Reading, Mass ; Wokingham: Addison-Wesley, 1992).
  • *Brooks, Richard, ‘The Bourn Complicity’, Private Eye (18 Sept. 2008 2008), pp. 17-23. [ao]
  • Shaoul, Jean, ‘The Private Financing Initiative or the Public Funding of Private Profit?’ in Graeme A. Hodge and Carsten Greve (eds.), The Challenge of Public-Private Partnerships : Learning from International Experience (Cheltenham, 2005), pp. 190-206. [gb]
  • Suleiman, Ezra N. and Waterbury, John, The Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization (Boulder, 1990), Introduction.

Examination question: Evaluate the theoretical underpinning of the ‘Washington Consensus’ or the ‘New Public Management’


Eight: Crisis and Prospect

Watchword: liberalisation

a.       Prospects for Reform?

b.      Prospects of Collapse?      

 Readings:

  • *Cassidy, John, How Markets Fail : An Atlas of Economic Irrationality (New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2009).
  • Khoury, Sarkis J., The Deregulation of the World Financial Markets : Myths, Realities and Impact (London, 1990), chs. 1-2, 3, 5. [q]
  • *Leggett, Jeremy, The Empty Tank: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Coming Global Financial Catastrophe (New York, 2005).
  • Lomborg, Bjørn Cool It! : The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming (London, 2007). Or his Solutions for the world's biggest problems : costs and benefits (Cambridge, 2007)
  • Monbiot, George, Captive State : The Corporate Takeover of Britain (Basingstoke, 2000).
  • Orlov, Dmytry, ‘Closing the “Collapse Gap”: The USSR was Better Prepared for Collapse than the US’, Energy Bulletinhttp://www.energybulletin.net/node/23259
    [extended in
    Reinventing Collapse : The Soviet Example and American Prospects (Gabriola Island, B.C, 2008). ]
  • Rhode, Paul Webb and Toniolo, Gianni, The Global Economy in the 1990s: A Long-Run Perspective (Cambridge, 2006), ch. 1 [and others by interest] [gb]
  • Sachs, Jeffrey D., ‘Rethinking Macroeconomics’, Capitalism and Society, 4, 3 (2009), article 3.
  • Shiller, Robert, Irrational Exuberance (2nd edn. 2005), esp. ch. 3.
  • Stern, Nicholas and Adger, W. Neil, The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (Cambridge, 2006).
  • Weitzman, Martin, ‘A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change’, Journal of Economic Literature, 45 (Sept. 2007), 703-724.
  •  Wolf, Martin, ‘Asia’s Revenge’, Financial Times, 8 October 2008; ibid, ‘Global Imbalances Threaten the Survival of Liberal Trade’ Financial Times, 2 December 2008. [ao]

Examination question: Can we expect market forces to correct market crises?

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